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Grammaire · A2

Present perfect vs preterite (Spain vs Latin America)

Contraste pretérito perfecto / indefinido (España e Hispanoamérica)

La réponse courte

In Spain the choice depends on whether the time frame includes now (hoy, esta semana → he comido; ayer → comí). In most of Latin America the preterite covers every finished event, and the perfect is kept for experiences and situations that continue. The course accepts both systems and labels them.

hoy · esta semanaayer → fuicomí (419) · he comido (ES)maintenant
Yesterday is closed: preterite everywhere. Inside a period that includes now, Spain uses the perfect and Latin America the preterite.

Latin America: finished → preterite

  • Hoy comí con mi mamá.
  • Esta semana fui al médico.
  • ¿Ya terminaste?

Spain: period includes now → perfect

  • Hoy he comido con mi madre.
  • Esta semana he ido al médico.
  • ¿Ya has terminado?
Same event, two correct systems.

Formes clés

  • es-ES: hoy / esta mañana / esta semana / este año → he + participle; ayer / la semana pasada / en 2015 → preterite
  • es-419: completed events → preterite, even today: Esta mañana desayuné con mi jefe.
  • Both: experiences and continuing situations → perfect: Nunca he estado en Asia. Siempre he vivido aquí.
  • Both: finished time with a date → preterite: Llegué en 2015.
  • es-419: ya / todavía no often with preterite: ¿Ya comiste? Todavía no llegó.

Cette explication n’est pas encore disponible en français ; elle s’affiche donc en anglais.

What it is

Spanish has two ways to talk about finished events: the preterite (comí) and the present perfect (he comido). Spain and Latin America split the work between them differently, and both systems are correct. This course uses the Latin American system by default and accepts the one from Spain.

How it works

SituationLatin AmericaSpain
Today, this morningHoy comí con mi mamá.Hoy he comido con mi madre.
This week, this yearEsta semana fui al médico.Esta semana he ido al médico.
Yesterday, last year, a dateAyer fui al cine.Ayer fui al cine.
Life experienceNunca he estado en Asia.Nunca he estado en Asia.
Situation that continuesSiempre he vivido aquí.Siempre he vivido aquí.
Already, not yet¿Ya comiste? Todavía no llegó.¿Ya has comido? Todavía no ha llegado.

Latin America: if it's finished, it's preterite, even if it happened five minutes ago. The perfect is kept for experiences (nunca he…) and for situations that continue up to now (siempre he vivido aquí).

Spain: it depends on the time frame. If the period includes now (hoy, esta mañana, esta semana, este año), use the perfect; if it's over (ayer, el lunes, en 2015), use the preterite.

When to use it

Both systems agree on two things:

  • a finished time or a date → preterite: Llegué en 2015.
  • experiences and situations that continue → perfect: Nunca he estado en Asia.

They differ only for finished events inside a period that is still open:

  • Esta mañana desayuné con mi jefe.This morning I had breakfast with my boss.Latin America
  • Esta mañana he desayunado con mi jefe.This morning I had breakfast with my boss.Spain
  • Nunca he estado en Asia.I've never been to Asia.everywhere

Contrasts and traps

  • Ayer he ido is wrong everywhere: ayer closes the period.
  • Don't mix the two systems in one story: Hoy fui al médico y he comido con mi mamá sounds odd. Pick one.
  • In the Andes (Bolivia, highland Peru and Ecuador) the perfect is used more widely, sometimes even for earlier days.

If you also speak Portuguese

Brazilian Portuguese uses the simple past for everything finished (Hoje acordei cedo), just like Latin American Spanish: Hoy me desperté temprano. Your instinct works. Just don't use tener + participle: tenho feito is not he hecho.

Essayez-en 3 maintenant

1 / 3

Ayer (ir) al dentista.

Yesterday I went to the dentist.

Sans compte.

Exemples

  • Esta mañana desayuné con mi jefe.This morning I had breakfast with my boss.
  • Esta mañana he desayunado con mi jefe.This morning I had breakfast with my boss.
  • ¿Ya terminaste el trabajo?Have you finished the work yet?
  • ¿Ya has terminado el trabajo?Have you finished the work yet?
  • Nunca he estado en Asia.I've never been to Asia.
  • Llegué a Bogotá en 2015.I arrived in Bogotá in 2015.
  • Siempre he vivido en esta ciudad.I've always lived in this city.
  • Este año viajamos mucho.We've travelled a lot this year.

Erreurs fréquentes

Celles que les apprenants font vraiment, avec la raison de chaque correction.

Ayer he ido al cine.Ayer fui al cine.

With ayer, el año pasado or a date, every variety uses the preterite: fui.

Hoy fui al médico y he comido con mi mamá.Hoy fui al médico y comí con mi mamá.

Pick one system and keep it: in Latin America, comí; in Spain, he ido… y he comido.

En 2015 he vivido en Lima.En 2015 viví en Lima.

A date closes the period: preterite in every variety, viví.

(España) Esta semana fui al médico.(España) Esta semana he ido al médico.

Only in Spain mode: a period that includes today (esta semana, hoy) takes the perfect, he ido.

Tengo terminado el trabajo.Ya terminé el trabajo.

Spanish doesn't use tener as an auxiliary; in Latin America the natural form is Ya terminé.

Typique chez les personnes qui parlent portugais

Note pour les personnes qui parlent français

Do not map passé composé → perfecto: Hier je suis allé → Ayer fui.

Variations régionales

  • Product rule: es-419 mode accepts preterite for hodiernal events and perfect for experiences; es-ES mode requires the perfect with hoy/este/esta. Canarias, NW Spain (Galicia, Asturias) and most of Latin America favour the preterite; the Andean region (Bolivia, highland Peru and Ecuador, NW Argentina) uses the perfect more widely, sometimes even for earlier days.